Bio-tech Plant biotechnology

    Plant biotechnology hormones(regulators)

• hormones are chemical produce by plant that regulate the growth of plant.
• hormones are now as growth regulators are organic compounds that have been naturally synthesised in higher plant which influence the growth  and development.
• growth  regulator are categories in major 3 class
•      1.Auxin;
• it induce cell division, cell elongation\, and callus formation. 
• it has been Rhisogenic action (induce rooting)
• auxin derive from greek word auxein =to grow ,it is 1st isolate from plant and human urine
• all these auxin have been used in agriculture and horticulture practices 
• they help to prevent to fruit and leaf drop at early stages .  
• for example 
  IAA,  IBA,  2,4-D

      2. cytokinen

• cytokinin are derivative of adnine and have important role in shoot induction 
• they have clear effect on cell division and often used to stimulation of growth and development
• cytokinin have important role in organogenesis where they stimulate the bud formation 
• For example- 

       a. 6-furfuryl amino purine 

       b. BAP

       c. kinetin 

     3. Gibberelline

• gebberellins regulates the cell elongation organomically . it is important in determining plant hight and fruit set . 
•  gibberellines are a group of plant hormones that, like , auxin promote plant growth. 
• also effective in stimulating elongation of internodes ,in altering flower time, and increase the cell invasion .

    4.Abscisic acid

• It inhibits the cell division and it an important growth regulator for induction of embyrogenesis
• A potent inhibitor of seed germination without being injurious to the seed.

     5. Ethylene

• It is associated with controlling ripening in climatic fruit and its used in plant tissues culture is generally inhibited 
• a simple gas that is made in small quantities by many plant tissues 
•  It serve as powerful natural regulator of growth and development.
•  

biotechnology DNA denaturation

DNA denaturation;

DNA denaturation is the process of in which  double stranded DNA separate into single stranded DNA by specific temperature or adding by chemical , strands disruption of  hydrogen bond

• several factor such as pH, temp , chemicals cause denaturation.
• temp at specific level(melting temp) then ds DNA will separate in tow single stranded
• this process of DNA strands separation is employed by change in physical properties.

Structure of DNA bio-tech

Structure of DNA 

• WATOSON AND CRICK first describe the structure of the DNA double helix by using X-rays diffraction.
• nucleotide of DNA  consist ~Deoxy Ribose                                                                                                                                          ➕                                                                                                                                   (A/T/G/C) Nitrogenous base                                                                                                                            ➕                                                                                                                                           Phosphoric acid                          
• Double helix  of DNA consist of tow strand. Each strand consist chain of nucleotide.
• Two strand are antiprallel
• purine pair with pyrimidines 
• A=T&G☰C,

Types of DNA ;

• There is three typs of DNA- B-DNA,Z-DNA  and A-DNA ,

1. B-DNA; 

 B-DNA has following major featurs-

• strands are wrapped in right handed helix.
• strands are antiparallel .
• strands interact by hydrogen band between complementary  base pair.
• A≒T&G☰C,
• B-DNA is most common DNA conformation in vivo.
• minor groove is narrow 
• base pair nearly perpendicular to helix axis 
• B-DNA is more stable then any other DNA 
• the overall charge on B-DNA  is negative beacuse of the phasphoric acid 

      2.Z-DNA;

• Z-DNA is a left handed double helical structure with tow antiparallel strand .
• Z-DNA is thinner then B-DNA 
• there is only one deep , narrow groove equivalent to the miner groove in B-DNA 
• no major groove exits

comparisons of different form of DNA

Geometry attribute	A-form	B-form	Z-form
Helix sense	Right handed	Right handed	Left handed
Base pair/turn	10.7	10.4	12
Rise /bp along axis	2.3  Å	3.32 Å	3.8 Å
Ritch	24.6	33.2	45.6
Diameter	23	20	18
Major groove	Narrow and deep	Wide and deep	Flat
Minor groove	Wide and shallow	Narrow and deep	Narrow and deep

 Stability of the dsDNA helix ;

• the helical structure of dsDNA  is stabilized by non-covalent interaction.
• these interaction include stocking interaction between adjacent bases and hydrogen bonding between complementary strands 
• the core of the helix consist of bases pairs which stock together through stocking interaction. 
• stocking interaction include hydrophobic interaction and vander walls interaction between the bases pair, that contribute significantly to overall stability 

Bio-tech12blogcorona virus..

     How to transmit corona virus ..

CORONA VIRUS SYMPTOMS

CORONA VIRUS 

1st -3rd Day 

Fever, Slight Pain in Neck symptoms

 4th Day

 Pain in Neck Voice Getting Heaver Fever, Headache

 5th Day 

Laziness Body Pain Dry Cough

 6th Day

 Slight Fever (37) Wet & Dry Cough Breathing Problem, Vomit

 7th Day

 High Fever, To Much COugh Body Pain Increases, Constipation & Vomit  

Bio-tech7453blog

  1. Which is known as 'River of Life'? Answer : Blood

 2. Blood circulation was discovered by? Answer : William Harvey 

3. The total blood volume in an adult? Answer : 5-6 Litres •

 4. The pH value of Human blood? Answer : 7.35-7.45 • 

5. The normal blood cholesterol level? Answer : 150-250 mg/100 ml •

6. The fluid part of blood? Answer : Plasma

 7. Plasma protein fibrinogen has an active role in? 

Answer : Clotting of blood.

vaccine types and mechanism

                                                vaccine 

A  vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease. The aim of a vaccine is to provoke our immune system to developed and immune response against and antigen to generate memory this process is called immunization.

The term vaccine was given by SIR EDWARD JENNER in 1796 .As he describe that the cowpox creates protective effect against small pox ,which led to the discovery of vaccines.

The term vaccine has been derived from the latin  word vaccinos meaning from cows. The aim of a  vaccine when the individul is again exposed to same antigen ,a much more stronger secondary immune response will results

In secondary response  (2nd) in short span of time  maximum number of Ig are being generate by the same antigen ,which was used during first expose. As memory cell are already present in large amount, with which antigen bind.

Types of vaccine 

1.Inactivated /killed vaccine
2.Live attenuated vaccine
3. Toxoid  vaccine
4. Sub-unit vaccine
5. DNA vaccine

1-Inactivated /killed vaccine 

Inactivated vaccine are those contain organism that have been killed or inactivated with heat or chemical. Inactivated vaccine elicit an immune response but the response often  is less complete that with attenuated vaccine.

Advantage-

1- Safer and stable 

2- easy to store and transport 

Disadvantage 

1- Stimulate weak response 

2- generally requires booster doses 

2-Live-attenuated vaccine 

This made by live organism that have been attenuated (weakened), this attenuated is done by mixing the organisms in different concentration of formaldehyde. 

Advantage- 

1-Stimulated excelled response 

2- Often confer lifelong immunity  

Disadvantage 

1- Deficiency in transportation 

2-If attenuation has not been done properly then their is chance of full blown disease within the       

 individual.